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Shashi Agarwal MD asked:




“I have my hormones balanced. Most doctors are giving women synthetic hormones, which just eliminate the symptoms, but it's doing nothing to actually replace the hormones you have lost. Without our hormones we die.” Actress Suzanne Somers

Heart disease is the number one killer of both men and women in American and in most parts of the world. Female hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has been used in the recent past for reducing the risk of heart attacks and cutting down the risk of death in women with established heart disease. However, new data provides compelling evidence that HRT may actually make heart disease worse in women. On the other hand, since men suffer from earlier heart disease than women, it has been postulated that the male hormone, testosterone may increase the risk of heart disease. As a result, andropause, the male equivalent of menopause, has not been treated with male hormone replacement therapy, for heart disease prevention. Recent studies suggest that male hormone supplementation may be heart protective.

Female Hormones

Postmenopausal women have a higher risk of developing heart disease. Since menopause is associated with a decrease in the female hormones, it was postulated that HRT should help prevent heart disease. This logic was further supported by a study published in the August 28, 1997 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine, showing that estrogen increased the good HDL cholesterol comparably to the cholesterol lowering statin, simvastatin, and reduced both the bad LDL-cholesterol and Lp(a), another lipoprotein which increases cardiac risk. Research data also showed that in low doses, estrogen inhibited platelet aggregation and reduced PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor, and thereby helped dissolve small blood clots in the blood vessels. Estrogen has also been found to increase production and activity of the artery protective nitric oxide and also functioning as an antioxidant. These promising studies resulted in recommendations that a regimen of low dose estrogen, with or without progesterone, could reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal females.

"The problems with all the hormones is that they have other effects," said Rafael de Cabo, an investigator at the Laboratory of Experimental Gerontology, part of the U.S. National Institute on Aging. Two major studies found that HRT was actually increasing women's risk of heart attack by 29%, stroke by 41%, and the chances of breast cancer by 26%. In the August 1998 Journal of the American Medical Association, results of the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) were published. In this randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial involving 2,763 postmenopausal women with established coronary disease, with an average age of 67, HRT appeared to increase the risk of CHD events during the first year of therapy. The second study (WHI) involved 16,608 postmenopausal women aged 50-79 years with no history of heart disease, and without a history of hysterectomy. This trial was stopped prematurely on May 31, 2002, due to a significantly increased incidence of breast cancer and CHD in the group on estrogen/progesterone. This data was reported in the July 17, 2002 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association in an article entitled "Risks and Benefits of Estrogen Plus Progestin in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: Principal Results From the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial".

“When your estrogen levels drop it's your body's signal that you are no longer in childbearing years. Well, as you are losing your hormones, that also means your bones are going to get brittle.” Suzanne Somers. About 20 million American women currently use various forms of hormone replacement therapy. HRT is commonly used for relief of the symptoms of menopause, such as hot flashes, sweats and disturbed sleep. It is also used to prevent or decrease the rate of bone loss in osteoporosis. There is also some evidence that HRT may help prevent Alzheimer's disease, colon cancer, and the age related vision loss called macular degeneration. Side effects from taking HRT are usually short term and may include unusual vaginal discharge and bleeding, headaches, nausea, fluid retention and swollen breasts. And of course it can worsen cardiovascular disease. At this time, HRT should not be used for prevention of cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women.

Male Hormone

“He's a guy. They don't talk, they fight. It's all that crazy testosterone.” British Actress Kim Cattrall. Testosterone is the principal male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid. It is produced by the testes, ovaries and the adrenals. Its main roles are enhancing libido, energy, and immune function, and protecting against osteoporosis. Testosterone levels in the males fall with advancing age, resulting in the male equivalent of the female menopause, called andropause. Elderly male population have the highest prevalence of coronary artery disease, and also relatively low testosterone levels. Men with high blood pressure have lower testosterone levels than normal men. In patients with chest pain, men with coronary artery blockages on the angiogram have lower testosterone levels than those with normal angiograms.

“I think that testosterone is a rare poison.” Germaine Greer. This may not be true. Testosterone therapy causes the coronary arteries to dilate and delays the onset of ischemia. There is also an anti-atherogenic effect. In addition, testosterone therapy improves the quality of life and depression scores in patients with coronary disease. This data was reported in Journal of the American College of Cardiology, May 17, 2005. There is some fear that testosterone may increase the risk of prostate cancer. At this time no definite recommendations can be made regarding testosterone supplementation for the prevention of heart disease.

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Patsy Hamilton asked:




There are health benefits of cod liver oil and there are drawbacks. Cod liver oil benefits may not outweigh the risks. The primary benefit of cod liver oil is related to its omega-3 content, but fish oils derived from the flesh of fish, rather than the liver, provide that benefit without the risks.

The health benefits of cod liver oil are related, primarily to omega-3 fatty acids. These are essential for the healthy function of the brain, the heart, the joints, the digestive system and many other systems of the body. Another benefit of cod liver oil is related to its vitamin E content, which helps the body process the fatty acids, is an essential antioxidant and promotes the health of the skin and the hair.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids/Benefits of Cod Liver Oil

Omega-3s are essential to human health, cannot be produced inside the body, and so, must be obtained from food or through supplementation. The best know source of omega-3 fatty acids is fish. Some fish contain more omega 3s than others.

There are two types of omega-3 fatty acids that have been identified as essential for human health. They are Docosahexaenoic Acid or DHA and Eicosapentaenoic Acid or EPA. These are found primarily in fish. The body can convert another omega-3 fatty acid, known as Alpha-linolenic acid or ALA, to DHA and EPA, but the process is relatively inefficient. It is believed that one would have to consume a great deal of ALA in order to get the health benefits provided by DHA and EPA.

The omega-3 found in flax seed oil is ALA. And some believe that flax seed oil can provide cod liver oil benefits, without the risks, but this is debatable. Although there are no risks associated with flax seed oil, it is unknown if ALA provides the same health benefits as DHA and EPA.

The Risks

Cod liver oil contains large amounts of vitamin A and vitamin D and may contain contaminants such as mercury and pesticides. The body needs adequate amounts of vitamin A, but large amounts can be toxic. Vitamin D is not commonly found in natural foods, but many processed foods are fortified with vitamin D to ensure good nutrition.

At one time the benefits of cod liver oil were believed to be associated with its vitamin A and D content. This was before omega-3 fatty acids had been identified and before food fortification was a common practice. It was also before taking daily multi-vitamins became a common practice and before industrial pollutants had contaminated our oceans.

Vitamin D

While no tolerable upper limit for vitamin D consumption has been established, adequate intake for adults, under the age of 50, and children is believed to be around 200 units per day. Adults over 50 should increase consumption to 400 units per day for men and 600 units per day for women. Vitamin D is necessary for the body to process calcium and is therefore a factor in preventing osteoporosis and maintaining bone health. However, one of the popular cod liver oil products contains 4000 to 5000 units of vitamin D per teaspoon, more than anyone needs on a daily basis.

Vitamin A

A tolerable upper limit for vitamin A has been established. The maximum amount of vitamin A that a 25 year old man should consumer per day is 10,000 IU. Women should consume less than half that amount. Women who are pregnant should avoid dietary supplements that contain vitamin A because of the risk of birth defects. While vitamin A is necessary for fetal development and overall good health, it is stored in the fat cells and there is a great risk of over supplementation. Excess consumption of vitamin A is also believed to contribute to osteoporosis.

One of the popular cod liver oil products contains 4000-5000 IU of vitamin A, per teaspoon. When added to the amount that may be present in other dietary supplements, as well as the food that a person consumes per day, it will put most people over the safe upper limit for vitamin A. While the benefit of cod liver oil for supplying essential omega 3s is known, it is unknown if excess consumption of vitamin A will counteract those effects.

A better choice for vitamin A supplementation is beta carotene and other carotenoids. Present in the better daily dietary supplements, carotenoids are converted by the body to vitamin A on an as-needed basis and are not associated with the negative effects of “pre-formed” vitamin A. The only known side effect of excess consumption of carotenoids is a yellowing of the skin, called carotenosis, which is not dangerous, but may be undesirable.

Alternatives

Fish oil derived from the flesh of fish does not contain the vitamins A and D. Those vitamins are usually present in adequate amounts in daily multi-vitamins and fortified foods. Though extra vitamin D supplementation is often recommended for persons over the age of 50, it is not a benefit of cod liver oil and there are better choices for vitamin D supplementation.

From an environmental standpoint, over harvesting of the cod fish has led to the depletion of many populations. Farms affect the health of wild fish. The equipment used for harvesting damages the habitat of other water dwelling life forms. Although there are cod liver oil benefits, these health benefits can be obtained from other sources that do not cause damage to our environment.

You can get the health benefits of cod liver oil by taking fish oil supplements derived from the flesh, rather than the liver of fish. To learn more, please visit the Fish Oil Guide.

Rich Fuller asked:




The essential fatty acids in flax seed help to lower cholesterol and triglycerides (amount of fat in your blood), keep blood pressure stable and prevent clotting and plaque building up. Given that the heart attack rates in America have increased steadily at approximately three percent over the last century, more Americans could certainly use a daily dose of flax seed in their diets.

Studies have been conducted on people suffering from high cholesterol that have proven the ALA in walnuts lowers cholesterol as well as triglycerides. Flax seed also contains high levels of ALA, which indicates that it would also have these same effects.

Reportedly those who have diets with a high ALA content are much less likely to have a heart attack. Two fatty acids that ALA produces, EPA and DHA, help with avoiding clots and prevent plaque build ups occurring, which both contribute to heart attacks.

Often those who have had one heart attack are at a higher risk of experiencing another possibly fatal one. Adding an omega 3 fatty acid supplement containing ALA, DHA or EPA can reduce this risk considerably, possibly preventing serious strokes or even death. This Means flaxseed is a perfect supplement for anyone with a history of heart attacks in the family or having had one before themselves.

A natural way to lower your blood pressure is by taking omega 3 fatty acids. Many people choose to take flax seed oil instead of fish oil because there isn't the risk of it having high levels of damaging mercury.

If heart disease runs in you family, you have had a heart attack previously, have high blood pressure, high cholesterol or blood clots, start supplementing your diet with flax seed. There is a powder form you can put onto your cereal or in smoothies, milkshakes or salads. You can use the oil in all the above also, or if you are extremely fussy and sensitive to taste, the capsule form would be more suited to you.

Heart health is definitely one of the most important aspects of your physical being. So don't wait until it's too late and you have a heart attack, or worse, a fatality. There are so many benefits overall to taking flax seed as an essential fatty acid dietary supplement, you will notice you start feeling better in not much time at all. Your skin will glow, and you moods will elevate, contributing to less overall stress and less pressure on your heart.

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